Edmontonia - Facts and Figures

Name: Edmontonia (from Edmonton); pronounced ED-mon-TOE-nee-ah Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (75-65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and three tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Low-slung body; sharp spikes on shoulders; lack of tail club About Edmontonia Edmonton in Canada is one of the few regions in the world with two dinosaurs named after it--the duck-billed herbivore Edmontosaurus, and the armored nodosaur Edmontonia. However, you should bear in mind that Edmontonia was named not after the city, but after the Edmonton Formation where it was discovered; theres no evidence that it actually lived in the environs of Edmonton itself. The type specimen of this dinosaur was discovered in Canadas Alberta Province in 1915, by the swashbuckling fossil hunter Barnum Brown, and initially assigned as a species of the nodosaur genus Palaeoscincus (ancient skink), a classification that fortunately never caught on. Naming issues aside, Edmontonia was a formidable dinosaur, with its bulky, low-slung body, armor plating along its back, and--most intimidatingly--the sharp spikes jutting out from its shoulders, which may have been used to deter predators or to fight other males for the right to mate (or both). Some paleontologists also believe Edmontonia was capable of producing honking sounds, which would truly have made it the SUV of nodosaurs. (By the way, Edmontosaurus and other nodosaurs lacked the tail clubs of classic armored dinosaurs like Ankylosaurus, which may or may not have made them more vulnerable to predation by tyrannosaurs and raptors.)

Standardized Testing A Positive Policy For Today s...

Diane Ravitch, former Assistant Secretary of Education, said â€Å"We must take care to make our public schools once again the pride of our nation† (Ravitch 260). At this point in time, the testing process that most, if not, all schools have adopted is proving to be an impediment to our education system that many are not proud of. Students today are more focused on getting the grade rather than the knowledge and experience that is needed for their future. Standardized testing, in a nutshell, could be a positive policy for today’s students. The execution of these baseline tests are not conducive to learning or measuring a student’s true ability or intelligence due to the emphasis on passing tests instead of actual learning and critical thinking skills, as well as having the same parameters for every student regardless of their situation. The current state of our standardized education system is leaving our students with a massive educational impairment. Standardized tests, as they are now, are not improving the education of today’s students. [source]. This relentless testing and other teaching practices are proving detrimental to the learning and thinking of our future’s innovators. Instead of learning critical thinking and ways to analyze on a deeper level, these practices are yielding to test preparation, test-taking strategies, and memorization. Diane Ravitch commented on this crisis and acknowledged No Child Left Behind (NCLB), a program to increase the academic achievement ofShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesWindows is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation used herein under license. Macintosh and Power Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Used herein under license. Library of Congress Control Number: 2006933904 Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-0-495-11873-2 ISBN-10: 0-495-11873-7 ââ€"   To my nephews, Jesse and Luke Smidt, who bet I wouldn’t put their names in this book. R. P. ââ€"   To my wife, Sally, and my daughter, Anna C. O. ââ€"   To Carol, Allie, and TeriRead MoreNokias Human Resources System144007 Words   |  577 Pagesacceptable terms of certain technologies in our products and services; our ability to protect numerous Nokia, NAVTEQ and Nokia Siemens Networks patented, standardized or proprietary technologies from third ­party infringement or actions to invalidate the intellectual property rights of these technologies; the impact of changes in government policies, trade policies, laws or regulations and economic or political turmoil in countries where our assets are located and we do business; any disruption to informationRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesThis online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visualRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesPrentice-Hall, Inc. A Pearson Education Company Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Compilation Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Custom Publishing All rights reserved. This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the individual selections herein that first appeared elsewhere. ii Permission to reprint these has been obtained by Pearson Custom Publishing for this edition only. Further reproduction by any

Effects of Television Violence and Children free essay sample

Effects of Television violence and Children Outline: I. THESIS STAEMENT: Although the television serves as a form of entertainment, when you abuse its use, and make it a habit to watch, it gives negative effects on the behavior of children especially in their brain’s development. II. PORPUSE OF THE RESEARCH III. INTRODUCTION IV. HIPOTHESIS METHOD A. CHILDREN QUESTIONNAIRE 1. HOW IT CAN AFFECT VIEWER’S BEHAVIOUR 2. CHILDREN RESPONSES B. EFFECTS RESULTS 1. NEGATIVE EFFECTS a. Behavior of children . Brain development C. Discussion V. CONCLUSION VI. REFERENCES VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY Thesis Statement: Although the television serves as a form of entertainment, when you abuse its use, and make it a habit to watch, it gives negative effects on the behavior of children especially in their brain’s development. Purpose of the Research: This paper aims to explore the effect of violence seen on TV on children’s behavior. Television violence and its effects on viewers has been a  controversial issue for many years. Some viewers believe that there is  an increasingly large amount of violence on television and this   widespread  public  concern has: â€Å"Led to calls for stricter controls on the depiction of violence in   programs. (Gunter and McAleer 1990) I chose this research topic because I have a three year old boy who  I babysit from time to time and enjoys watching television. I thought it may give me an insight into  the effect these so called, children’s programs are actually having  on him, if any. The vast majority of research is inconclusive but demonstrates strong  links between viewing violence and committing violent acts. To try and  add value to previous research I conducted my own research through   collating information from questionnaires issued to   children (ages 5-17) in my best friend work place, New Era Educational School in Toa Baja PR; however the results did not directly  support my hypothesis. INTRODUCTION The sole purpose of this project is to examine whether children behave  differently after they have been watching violence on television. In  addition the question that is of paramount importance to this whole   piece of investigative work is:  Ã‚ · Are children more likely to imitate acts of violence or aggressive   behavior because of what they have seen on television? A continuing debate between Broadcasters and Scientists is permanently  ongoing and in spite of the accumulation of evidence between the links  of viewing television violence and children’s behavior the debate  goes on. Furthermore, media professionals would rather believe that television  has no effects other than those intended, thousands of studies have  pointed to casual relationships between television violence and   real-life crime. In spite of numerous research studies, the perception  continues that the effects of television violence are unclear, even  contradictory. Moreover, blaming the media could be an easy option for some and can  serve to divert attention from other causes or change going on in a  child’s life, and so claims about the, â€Å"Effects of Television† could   be massively exaggerated. This ongoing debate has inspired a great deal of research, one of the  most well known and publicized experiments was that of Albert  Bandura’s Bobo doll studies, which are now widely regarded as early   research classics in the field of psychology. I am going to discuss  this experiment in greater detail within this project and hopefully  link it with more recent research, my own research and observations to   support my hypothesis. HYPOTHESIS METHOD HYPOTHESIS: It is predicted that children will imitate violence or   display violent behavior after viewing violence on television. METHOD: My initial first step of this investigation was to carry out literacy  research in my chosen topic, in order to gain a more in-depth  knowledge of the subject area. This involved searching Internet web  sites, books, newspaper articles, magazines and of course watching a  television programs on the issue to enable me to gather information  on previous research that has already been written on the effects of   television violence. As a means of carrying out my own research I compiled a  questionnaire for children to complete. Finally, I collated the results of the questionnaires. RESULTS The results obtained from the questionnaire do not directly link  to the hypothesis of this experiment. What they do show however is  that of the 20 parents asked 100% of children watch television and 50%   of children have access to television in their bedrooms. In addition the results did show that 2 children did display levels of  violence after watching television but the program in both instances  was not completed on the questionnaire, for what reason I do not know. Furthermore the questionnaire revealed that the average time  children are watching television is between 3-5 hours per day.. The children’s questionnaire did not support the hypothesis because  the majority of children said they felt happy when watching the  selected programs and none of the children felt angry. The majority of the results are linked to this experiment but not  directly, they do support research of the hours children spend  watching television and from what age . In addition the only direct   link made was the 2 displays of violence after watching television a  program, however more information would have to be gathered on this  question for it to be conclusive. The results obtained could still be used as further evidence to  support previous research as the information obtained is relevant to  the nature of the experiment. DISCUSSION Before we move into the discussion of the effects of television  violence and whether or not children imitate what they have seen on  television, it is important to offer a definition of violence. The  following statement gives a clear and concise explanation: â€Å"Violence is a general term to describe actions, usually deliberate,  that cause or intend to cause injury to people, animals, or non-living  objects. Violence is often associated with aggression. †(www//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Violence  17. 04. 05) There has been a considerable amount of research into  inter-relationships between the viewing of violent films, videos and  TV programs and aggressive behavior by the viewers of such  material, in particular the behavior of children. The range of media to which children have access to has grown rapidly  in this generation. Take the books, newspapers, magazines, films,  radio, tapes, records, and broadcast television familiar to children   of the previous generation, then add dozens of cable TV. hannels,  thousands of videos and video games, and millions of Internet sites. The result is a crowded media frenzy in which children are engrossed   in, on a daily basis. Therefore we have to ask ourselves, what effects is TV violence having  on our children and does it really inspire them to violence? I am now  going to look at previous research to see if I can find the answers to   my questions. In 1996 and1997 UNESCO conducted the Global Media Violence Survey. More than 5,000 12-year-old children in 93 countries participated,  representing all regions of the world. Under the supervision of Dr Jo Groebel of Utrecht University, the  study aimed to understand the role of media in the lives of children  and the relationship between media violence and aggressive behavior   among children in different settings. The study found that 93% of children watch an average of three hours  television a day. This is at least 50% more than the time spent on any  other out-of-school activity, including homework, being with friends,   or reading. This evidence leaves  little  doubt that television is the  most important medium in the lives of children almost everywhere in  the world today. In addition the study revealed, television, expose’s children to high  levels of violent images on a daily basis. Furthermore it revealed, in  many countries, there is an average of five to ten aggressive acts per   hour on children’s television programs. The study found evidence that media images reinforce the experiences  of children in their real-life environments. Almost half (44%) of  both boys and girls reported a strong overlap between what they   perceive as reality and what they have seen on screen. Many children  experience both real and media environments in which violence appears  to be natural and unfortunately the most effective solution to lifes   problems. This research did not directly answer the question, does seeing  violence on television affect childrens behavior? Instead the study  chose to link the evidence to, Compass Theory† Which states: â€Å"Depending on a childs existing experiences, values, and the cultural  environment, media content offers an orientation, a frame of reference  which determines the direction of the childs own behavior. The   child does not necessarily adopt the behavior portrayed, but the  media images provide a model, a standard for what may be considered  normal and acceptable. † (http://www. ppu. org. uk/chidren/advertising_html) More recent research suggests young children who watch a lot of  television, are more likely to become bullies. The authors suggest the  increasingly violent nature of children’s cartoons may be to blame. (www. timesonline. co. uk/article/0,, 2-1489580,00. html) The researchers used existing data from a national US survey to study  the amount of television watched by 1266 four-year-olds. Then they  compared that amount with follow-up reports by the childrens  mothers, on whether the children bullied or were, Cruel or Mean to  others when they were between six and 11 years old. The study showed that four-year-olds who watched the average amount of  television e. g. 3-5 hours per day were 25% more likely to become  bullies than those who watched none. And children who watched eight  hours of television a day were 200% more likely to become bullies. Frederick Zimmerman, an economist at the University of Washington in  Seattle asserts:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Parents should understand that, just because TV shows or movie is  made for kids, it doesnt mean its good for kids especially  four-year-olds. † (http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/1899533. stm) Further studies show that children of pre-school age overwhelmingly  prefer and pay close attention to cartoons. Saturday morning cartoons,  for example, have 20 to 25 violent acts per hour compared with five   violent acts per hour in prime time viewing. Because of their desires to watch cartoons children are being exposed  to large numbers of violent acts in their daily viewing. Based on  their viewing patterns, it has been estimated that, by the time   pre-school children start school, they will have seen an average of  8,000 murders and 100,000 assorted other acts of violence and  destruction on television. (Huston, Donnerstein et al. , 1992. )   In its crudest form the relationship between children and television  is portrayed as a matter of single cause and direct effect, which puts  this kind of research firmly in the behaviorist’s tradition. The most famous psychological studies of children and aggressive  behavior are Albert Banduras Bobo doll studies, which are now widely  regarded as early research classics in the field. These were  experimental studies in which children of nursery  school  age observed  a playroom in which an adult was hitting, punching, kicking and  throwing a large inflatable doll. Particular actions were used for  e. g. using a hammer and saying, â€Å"Pow boom boom† which children  would be unlikely to perform spontaneously. The children were then observed as they played alone in the playroom  with the doll for 10 to 20 minutes. A control group of children was  allowed to play with the doll without observing the aggressive adult   behavior. As one might expect, the children who witnessed the adult  aggression performed similar acts; the others did not. In a series of  studies, Bandura and his colleagues have shown that children display  novel acts of aggressive behavior which they have acquired simply  through observing someone else engaged in these acts. In a later version of the experiment (1965), the children were divided  into 3 groups. One group went straight into the playroom. The second  group saw the model being rewarded for aggressive actions before they   went in. The third saw the model being punished. Those who saw the  model being punished showed significantly less aggression than those  who saw the model rewarded or who saw no consequences. This suggests that seeing a model punished leads to less learning of  the models behavior. However, after all the children had played in  the playroom with the doll, they were offered rewards to behave in the   playroom like the adult model had done. In the first stage of the experiment the consequences for the adult  affected the childrens behavior. The second stage showed that they  had in fact learned the behavior because they were able to perform   it. Therefore those children who had seen the model punished had still  learned the behavior but would only behave like that if offered an  incentive. Bandura suggested that:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We should distinguish clearly between the acquisition of aggressive   responses and the performance of aggressive acts: observation of  modeling is sufficient for aggressive behavior to be learned, but  reinforcement is necessary for aggressive acts to be actually   performed. †(www. apa. org/publicinfo/banduraviolence. htlm) Further laboratory experiments by Liebert and Baron (1972) using real  television programs, in which they measured the willingness of  children to hurt another child after watching a program were   conducted. Within the experiment children were shown either a race track or an  aggressive program and then allowed either to facilitate or disrupt  another childs game. They could hurt the other child by pressing a   button to make the handle hot which the child was holding. The  children who had seen the aggressive program were significantly more  aggressive than those who had seen the non-aggressive program. This   was particularly the case with boys. In addition, when the children were later observed at play, those who  had viewed the aggressive program showed a stronger preference for  playing with weapons and aggressive toys than did the other children. Similar results have been found in most experimental studies. They  suggest that the more violence is viewed, the greater the likelihood  of aggressive behavior. However, apart from ethical objections one   might raise, such experimental studies have major limitations in terms  of their artificiality. They have been criticized for a lack of,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ecological Validity† since they were concerned with strange behavior   in strange settings. In contrast a few researchers and theorists have claimed that  televised violence does not have negative effects. Seymour Feshbach in  the early 1970’s proposed that viewing violence on TV provides an   opportunity for the discharge, or catharsis, of aggressive feelings  and therefore reduces the possibility that the viewer will participate  in aggressive or violent behavior. The theory underlying the catharsis hypothesis proposes that a child  who views violence on television indirectly experiences the violence  and therefore harmlessly discharges his/her unexpressed feelings of   anger, hostility, and frustration. In other words, viewing violent  fantasy may serve nearly as well as actual violence in ridding people  of their hostile impulses. For example, Feshbach and Singer (1971) found that adolescent and  pre-adolescent boys at a residential school were more aggressive if  they watched non-aggressive TV programs than if they had watched   aggressive programs. Watching the programs seemed to be therapeutic, harmlessly  discharging aggressive feelings. This study has however been found to  be flawed, and an attempt at replication did not produce the same   findings. Furthermore the catharsis theory does not agree with evidence that  more aggressive children prefer to watch aggressive programs, and  are more likely to do so than children who are less aggressive   (Chaffee, 1972). Another version of Catharsis  Theory  is that watching violent   programs decreases levels of arousal, leaving viewers less prone to  aggressive behavior. CONCLUSION In conclusion it is fair to say that it is clearly obvious from the  research already done concerning television and its effects, that  violence is quite prevalent on British television. Violence on television can do one of three things. The first is making  us more violent (Huesmann 1982), the second is make us less violent  (Feshbach 1972) and the third is to have no effect at all (Freedman  1984, Kaplan and Singer 1976). Most evidence has supported the first argument namely that television  violence does increase our own violent behavior. In addition most of the research evidence tends to suggest that over a  long period, â€Å"Heavy viewing† of violent programs increases at least  slightly the likelihood of a disposition towards aggressive behavior   amongst children and adolescents. I have shown that various explanations have been offered to describe  processes which violent TV might have on childrens behavior. All I  have done here is to refer to some of these proposed processes   briefly. No single process is likely to offer an adequate explanation. In contrast however we have to take into account the following  contradictory findings:  · If watching violence and acting aggressively are correlated, this  does not prove that watching causes the aggression. It may be, for  instance, that aggressive people seek out violent programs. Even if watching violent programs does increase aggressiveness,  this may be only a short-term phenomenon.  · As in all social science research, other factors are likely to be  involved, in complex inter-relationships. These might include economic  hardship,  family  and peer relationships, gender, sub cultural values,   various uses of TV by individual children and so on. Therefore I have to admit that my own primary research and previous  research does not support my hypothesis because I feel there is no  clear-cut evidence. Moreover, I am a great believer in that children learn from their  environment and learn through imitating others and there must be some  element of truth in the vast amounts of research that exists. Maybe   one day somebody will make a direct link and be brave enough to  publish their findings and have them supported 100%. Finally I think it is of paramount importance to remember that the  most critical argument against watching television, in addition to the  violent content is that it affects the three characteristics that  distinguish us as human beings. In the first 3 years of life, a child learns to walk, to talk and to  think. Television keeps us sitting, leaves little room for  conversations and seriously impairs our ability to think! REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES: www. apa. org/publicinfo/banduraviolence. htlm) (www//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Violence 17. 04. 05) (http://www. ppu. org. uk/chidren/advertising_html) (http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/1899533. stm) IBLIOGRAPHY: Beaver, m. , Brewster, J. , Jones, P. , Keene, A. , Neaum, S. and Tallack,   J. (2001) Babies and young Children, 2nd edition, Nelson Thornes,   Cheltenham. Gross, R. (2001) The Science of Mind and Behavior, 4th edition,   Hodder Stoughton, London. Jarvis, M. Chandler ,E. (2001) Angels of Child Psychology, Nelson   Thornes, Cheltenham. Karmen, T. (2000) Psychology for childhood studies, Hodder    Stoughton, London. Bandura, A, D Ross S A Ross (1961): Transmission of Aggression   Through Imitation of Aggressive Models, Journal of Abnormal and   Social  Psychology 63: 575-82 Bandura, A (1965): Influence of Models Reinforcement Contingencies   on the Acquisition of Imitative Responses, Journal of Personality and   Social Psychology 1: 589-95 /www. digitalcenter. org/webreport94/ib. htm www. mhhe. com/socscience/comm/bandur-s. mhtml campus. murraystate. du/ academic/faculty/j. dillon/cathar. htm 26k   http://interact. uoregon. edu/MediaLit/mlr/readings/articles/kalin. This questionnaire is designed to get your input on television violence and its effects on children. I realized that most studies I read did not include childrens opinions. Questions 1-4 will give me information about you because I’m are inte rested to see if the opinions of children is different because theyre either male or female, young or old, or from a particular place. The personal information will be private and not shared or sold to anyone else, it is strictly for research purposes. Top of Form A Little about You 1. Are you Male  Ã‚  Female 2. How old are you? 5-8  Ã‚  9-12   Ã‚  13-16  Ã‚  17+ 3. Do you live in a  Rural or an Urban area? 4. How much television do you watch a day? less than 2 hrs  Ã‚  Ã‚  2-3 hrs  4-6 hrs  7+ hrs What Do  You  Think About TV Violence? 5. What type of television show do you watch the most? Situation Comedy (a comedy series in which the same characters star in each episode) Cartoons  Soap Operas Talk Shows  Drama 6. How much violence do you think there is on television? Little Amount  Medium Amount Large Amount . Do you think that violence on television will make children act violently after watching it? Violent = causing harm to anything living or non-li ving. Yes  Ã‚  No 8. Do you think the V-Chip will solve the problem of violence on television today? Yes  Ã‚  No 9. Do you think that violence on television is a problem? Yes  Ã‚  No 10. Do you think have a television set in your bedroom? Yes  Ã‚  No Any other comments on television violence? What do you think the solution is? Optional: What television programs do you mostly watch? Thank you very much! Your opinion is important to me and my research.

Proprietorship Essays - Economy, Business, Structure, Business Law

Proprietorship The word proprietorship comes from a business organization that might be already owned by an individual. A proprietor is known as the proprietor. Many advantages of a sole proprietorship consists of: minimum formation costs, less formal business requirements, no corporate tax payments, complete manipulation over a business, the proprietor(owner) has the power over sale or transfer assets, don't need to wait for the others to make a decision.However, proprietorship has its own severe disadvantages. One of them can be the responsibility for obligations of the business, including debt that the company owe. The owner of the business has to file severals forms that are needed for the business name and operations. If a business is set up as a proprietorship, that business is not taxed, due to the determination of profits and losses by the owner of the business. Partnership A business that owned by two or more individual is known as partnership. They are able to share profits and liabilities of a business venture. Having a partnership business can be very beneficial in various ways. One of the advantages of having a partnership is the capital. Because of the nature of the business, the partners are able to fund the business together in order to get the business started with the start up capital. Another advantage of partnership is flexibility. A partnership is usually very easy to form, manage and run the business. Partners are able to share responsibilities to one another in order to run the business smooth. Partners can share their decision to see if others agree and if it's a good decision for the business, as well as, helping each other out when they need to. However, there is always a dark side to everything as many of the people mention. The disadvantages of partnership can be a deal breaker. The liability of the each individual or partners for the debts of the business or the corporation is unlimited. RIsk of disagreements and friction are very possible to exist among the partne rs and management. Each individual or partner is considered an agent in the world of partnership and they are liable for actions that are performed by the other partners. Corporation A corporation can be considered as a company or a group of individuals who are authorized to perform as a single entity or article, most of the time by law, it's a person, and is considered such by the law. Being involved or even better owning a corportion has its own advantages and benefits. An advantage can be limited liability. The shareholders of the corporation are only able to go in debt as much as their investment only. The corporate entity or article prevents them from any further liability. Source of capital can be another one. If a corporation is held publicly, in particular it can raise considerable and significant amount of money by selling shares or we have another option in which you can issue bonds. This one is my favorite. Perpetual life. There are no limitations in the corporate world for the company. The ownership can be passed through many generations of investors. However, again there are several disadvantages to owning a corporation. Every Corporation is subjected to double taxation. They are taxed on a corporate level. But the shareholders in which receives dividends from the corporation are taxed on a personal level. You are also obliged to pay self-employment taxes, in which case you are an employee of the corporation or the company. As well as, paid dividends cannot be deducted from taxable income and much more. Franchise A franchise is an authorization granted by a government or company to an individual or group enabling them to carry out specified commercial activities. Starting up a business that franchising, it will be wise decision to make to take, because it will boos toyur business due to to its credibility and popularity. Just like the previous ones, franchise has its own advantages as well. Franchises allows to have the independence of small business ownership in which is back up and supported by the benefits of a big business network. Franchises tend to have a higher rate of success than start-up businesses. Some might find

Police officer cover letter Essay Example

Police officer cover letter Essay Example Police officer cover letter Essay Police officer cover letter Essay Cover letter for police officer Police officers and detectives are individuals who have undergone extensive training in order to excel in their work. Since I am interested in becoming a police officer, I have a plan on how to build my career. This is because I want to ensure that my country is free and crime rates are reduced. My plan involves undertaking the necessary education requirements and training requirements before joining the police force. It also involves interacting with the relevant individuals such as those who have retired. Through this, I believe that I will be able to build a proper career. The first important step that I want to plan for before joining the police force is to undergo the necessary education requirements. There are different education requirements for becoming a police officer that can range from high school certificate to a degree in college (Gresham Para. 2). However, I plan to attain a college degree so as to have higher chances of being recruited in the force. Basically, I plan to pursue a bachelors degree in criminal justice (Gresham Para. 2). This is because it is related to a lot of other fields of study such as psychology, public administration and sociology. Besides this, I will want to learn about political science or police science as minor areas of study in college. Once I complete my college studies and attain the relevant educational requirements, I plan to join the police training academy. The purpose of joining the police academy is so as to allow me to get the necessary training that is required of each police officer (Gresham Para. 3). I plan to be part of the academy for about 14 weeks that has been put forward by the administration. Throughout the 14 weeks, I will gain information on different topics such as traffic rules, defense, conducting first aids and also responding to emergency services (Gresham Para. 3). I plan to deeply engage in the training so as to emerge among the best and as such graduate from the academy directly to the police force. Police officer cover letter entry level After completing my training program which I believe I will excel in, I will join the police force in the rank that I will be assigned. I want to work in an area that has high crime rates and drug dealing. I believe my starting salary will be $49,500 as a new officer. However, this may increase in the future since the demand for police will be high owing to the fact that crime rates and other insecurity issues are increasing. Once I have gained the necessary experience, I plan to specialize only on one sector which is narcotics. I am mostly interested in this sector because I believe that it is a major problem in our country which needs to be dealt with effectively. My success in handling this field will determine my promotion. I believe that with my passion and dedication I will quickly rise through the ranks. However, as I rise through the ranks by getting promotions, I will continue pursuing other relevant courses in the police force. This is the plan that I have in mind and which I believe that will work and get me into the police force. I will ensure that I pursue a degree course in a university that has the best police courses. I will also ensure that I can be able to further my education without any challenges once I am in the police force. The most important thing that I intend to maintain is discipline and respect for each and every person that I encounter on my way to becoming a police officer. Gresham, Tom. What Kind of Training and Education are needed to become a Cop? Demand Media 29 Sep. 2016. Web.

Julia Laflin on writing The House At Roc Noir

Julia Laflin on writing The House At Roc Noir A Reedsy Success Story - Julia Laflin’s The House At Roc Noir We see so many amazing projects go through our platform that we sometimes feel bad about not bragging more about them. So that’s we’re doing today by letting Julia Laflin share her Reedsy experiences on our blog, and offer some invaluable pieces of advice for other authors out there. Our favourite:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"My working relationship with Lane has been one of the most helpful and productive experiences that I could have wished for, so if you’re about to self-publish, don’t skimp on the editorial process and make sure you find an editor who inspires you to do better.†You can more of our success stories right here!  Otherwise, take it away, Julie.I’m Julia Laflin, writer and author of The House At Roc Noir, an atmospheric novella set in the lonely wilds of Corsica, which has recently been selling very nicely as a self-published ebook. The initial draft of the book was as a long short story, however knowing that traditional publishers have little appetite for publishing single stories, I decided to take the self-publishing route.My first step was to find an editor and cover designer. Having spent some time wondering where to find a professional editor and designer, I eventually met an author at a Byte the Book gathering who told me he’d used Reedsy.   This network of professionals almost rhymes with easy-peasy - and when my turn came, Reedsy really was easy-peasy to use! What I hadn’t anticipated was just how fascinating and enjoyable the editing process would turn out to be.Having scrolled through the CVs and biographies of all the experienced editors vetted by Reedsy, I matched myself with Lane Ashfeldt. I was attracted to Lane because she’s an award-winning author who also teaches creative writing and has experience as an editor of both short fiction and novels. Even better, her published collection of fiction, SaltWater, seemed to have thematic resonances with my project. The target audience for The House At Roc Noir is more likely to be female, so it also seemed sensible to pitch for a female editor (sorry, chaps!). The only thing that was missing was a mention of a cat in her blurb. Never mind, she probably hates them. I’ll have to ask her one day. My Reedsy cover designer, Lizzie Gardiner, mentioned her cat, so that made up for it.I was delighted when Lane and I struck our bargain and started our collaboration. Lane suggested a structural edit and, as it was a short piece at 15,000 words, she offered to do a line by line edit too. She asked for a steer on genre and target audience, as well as a synopsis and some photographs of Corsica from my travels.She read my draft and sent me a detailed editorial assessment with developmental edit suggestions. It was like a school report but in a good way. Overall she called it ‘a very satisfying short read’, praising its ‘psychological suspense’ and ’atmospheric setting’. She then follo wed it with some great practical advice to develop the text even further.The opening of the story introduces Alice and her lawyer husband Nick travelling to a remote bay in the north of the island. Lane suggested strengthening the beginning by turning the holiday location into a birthday surprise for Alice. Her guidance included better ‘ordering and sequencing’ of the journey to keep the reader in the ‘now’ of the narrative. She also made it clear however, that this did not necessitate extensive rewrites. Lane reminded me that it’s important that ‘we get the story and the other characters filtered very much through Alice’s perspective’. I’d slipped on the writer’s equivalent of that bar of soap a couple of times. Also, I needed to allow Nick to do more and develop his character which in turn, after rewrites, led to a more interesting husband and wife dynamic.Then I spotted a margin note: ‘I’ve begun to w onder if there perhaps ought to be more definite indications of a sex life between Alice and Nick†.  Given the genre and the intended readership, this did seem like a missing element. With a big gulp, I went back to the manuscript to insert some subtle steaminess into my couple’s activities! Lane liked Cally, Nick and Alice’s daughter, and the restaurant owner Antoine and she suggested that I expand both of their roles in the story. I threw in a cat too, basically a carbon copy of the tabby that’s lolling on my desk right now. Lane liked the cat but possibly only in her professional capacity as character assessor†¦The end section of my story shifted to reported events, from Nick’s viewpoint. Lane pointed out (spoiler on the horizon) that although this worked it prevented an interpretation ‘that might include Alice and demonstrate her recovery from the events’. So it was back to the keyboard again to reimagine the last section wit h Alice at the heart of the narrative. I liked the changes, which gave the story a much greater sense of resolution.Other points that changed in rewrites were the length and the title of the book. Lane advised that a longer read would hit the KDP pot of gold as an increased royalty rate kicks in at certain price points. The suggested revisions also extended the length significantly. The finished length was 25,000 words – technically a novella rather than a short story. My working title was ‘The Sea House’, however I hadn’t thought to check online. Lane pointed out it had been expended by Esther Freud and others - not necessarily a barrier to usage, but something she wanted to check whether I was aware of, or not. I had a think about this and came up with several possible new titles, which were duly cross-tested on a few potential buyers. Finally I selected the new title, The House At Roc Noir. Fortunately the cover art had not yet been commissioned, so mak ing this change did not incur any additional costs.Lane was really generous with her time and I felt that she was fully involved with the process. She was clear that while she hoped her input and suggestions made it easier for me to finish, she insisted that ‘it is important for you to own and control this story – not me!’I soft-launched ‘The House At Roc Noir’ in mid-May and it made it half-way up the top 100 paid Kindle holiday reads in the first week of publication and the feedback so far has been positive. I’ve plenty more to do to reach out to summer holiday readers, as well as progress my Greek family saga novel. My working relationship with Lane has been one of the most helpful and productive experiences that I could have wished for, so if you’re about to self-publish, don’t skimp on the editorial process and make sure you find an editor who inspires you to do better.Follow Julia, Lane and Reedsy on Twitter:  @Julia_Lafl in,  @Ashfeldt  and @ReedsyHQ.Do you also work with a developmental editor for your stories? What has been your experience with him/her? Leave us your thoughts, or any question for Julia or Lane, in the comments below!

The implementation of safe injecting rooms within Australian cities is Essay

The implementation of safe injecting rooms within Australian cities is a controversial one. Discuss the health care arguments for and against the implementation of these rooms - Essay Example Though an intensely contested term, harm minimization recognizes that while illicit drug use can never be fully eradicated, measures can be implemented to minimize its negative consequences. The core aim of this approach is to enhance the health and socio-economic results for both the society and the individual via a balanced application of three main strategies; supply reduction, harm reduction, and demand reduction. In Australia, the implementation of harm minimization strategies is an intricate, yet controversial issue. While there is an extensive agreement on the necessity to adopt an integrated approach to the drug menace in Australia, there are opposing views concerning the effectiveness of the drug policies. As a consequence, protagonists back fresh â€Å"innovative† drug strategies (considered radical by antagonists) such as supervised injecting facilities (Green2002, p.28). The divergence of view has led to the polarization of the debate centering on such issues. The supervised injecting facilities debate reached fever pitch between 1999 and 2001 when Australia Capital Territory, Victoria, and New South Wales attempted to launch such facilities. The debate was characterized by an enhanced level of conflict between groups with divergent moral and political beliefs regarding drug use. The use of illicit drugs within Australian society has become prevalent over the years. A National Drug Household Survey (1998) revealed that about 46.4% of the Australians (aged 14 years and above) have used a prohibited drug once in their life, with an approximate 22.8% reporting to have used a banned drug within the prior 12 months. Safe injecting rooms (also referred to as safe injecting facilities) represent legally endorsed, indoor facilities, where injecting drug use transpires under the direction of medically trained personnel, and in safe and hygienic state with access to a wide range of sterilized injecting equipment (Green2002, p.29). The

MGMT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

MGMT - Assignment Example I am aware that the base of power of my professor is legitimate and I only have to accept that fact. This knowledge also prompts me to submit to my professor’s demands in the hope that a reward would be given, in my case, good grades. Aside from using rational persuasion, I would also be using consultation since this shows my respect for my professor’s authority. This is the very reason why I intend to make an appointment for consultation so I can relay my case on a personal basis. After the professor agrees, I intend to resort to exchange. I would promise that I would do my best in coming up with a good paper since I was given the extension period. Soft tactics are really better than hard tactics since coercion or threat can result to conflicts especially when both sides have equal power. By using soft tactics, a person can utilize positive values and try to find ways that are creative and considerate to both parties. It must be a win-win situation for both sides. Also the party with less authority must learn to respect a higher authority. Also, a personal base of power presents the interesting personal side of the student that a professor can harness for worthwhile

How Tim OBrien Shows the Negative Side of Vietnam Essay Example for Free

How Tim OBrien Shows the Negative Side of Vietnam Essay In Tim OBriens The Things They Carried, OBrien talks about all the parts of the Vietnam War. It shows all the horrors and negative sides of the war and what it can do to men. Many men lose their lives as well as their best friends and comrades. War also changes the soldiers into something else thats not themselves, something evil. The Things They Carried shows the negative side of war through the imagery of the shitfield, the mental affects of the war, the hatred that can be shown by each person, the way war changes people, and the loss of companions. In the shitfield one sees everything that is bad about the war. Its dirty and mucky and its just depressing all around. While in the field the soldiers are bombarded my artillery fire so they have to sink into the muck to hide themselves. One of the soldiers, Kiowa, gets hit with one of the shells. Norman Bowker tries to pull him out of the muck but he cannot. All the men try to pull him out but they cannot. They lose a friend in Kiowa, who is lost and buried in the field, and it scars all the men for life especially when they try to pull him out of the muck. The loss of a good friend stings for OBrien. OBrien even says that he went down with Kiowa that day and he lost a part of himself in that field. Everyone lost a part of themselves there. OBrien describes what he saw of Kiowa as he was going down under the muck. Kiowa was almost completely under. There was a knee. There was an arm and a gold wristwatch and part of a boot. There were bubbles where Kiowas head shouldve been (OBrien 168). OBrien going down with Kiowa shows that there are other negative effects such as mental ones. The mental effects of the war are also very negative in The Things They Carried. War messes with peoples heads and Tim OBrien shows it in his book. I couldnt sleep; I couldnt lie still (Chen 77). This is a cause of all the blood and gore the soldier has seen. And this doesnt just speak for the one soldier who said it, it speaks for all the soldiers. The first stage is not being able to sleep, the next stage is losing your composure. Then men start to become paranoid during the war and some go crazy. Rat Kiley is a good example of this. He is a medic and he starts to go crazy. He says he hears noises in the night that arent there. He says that he hears the voices of the people dying at night. OBrien thinks its from all the gore and blood he sees day in and day out and its just getting to him but either way he loses it. Rat tells someone he is going to shoot himself so he can get out of there because of an injury. The next morning he shot himself (OBrien 223). Rat Kileys plan works and he gets to leave, but he apologizes to all the men for losing it and in turn they dont rat him out for what he did. Not only does the war mess with peoples heads during the war but also at other times. The mental effects also extend to after the war. The awful memories of war stick with some of the men long after they return home from the war. The post war stress is too much for Norman Bowker. He finds that when he returns home that its not the same to him and he cannot find his place in society. He feels empty inside and ever since the shitfield he feels incomplete. The lingering memory of not being able to pull Kiowa out of the muck sticks with him. He feels that he died there with Kiowa and this causes him to be depressed. He often talks about it with his dad saying that he wishes he could have pulled harder to get Kiowa out but he just couldnt because of the smell. Norman wrote Tim OBrien a letter about his last book. He said it was very good book but that he should have put a chapter in about the shitfield. OBrien finds out that eight months later Norman killed himself. Normans writes OBrien a letter saying there was no letter and he hung himself with a jump rope. Tim OBrien kills a man while hes in Vietnam. He still feels the effects of killing the man and the guilt years later. He remembers it very well when his daughter asks him a question. The question was if he had ever killed someone. OBriens guilt over the man he kills comes from questions his daughter asks him about the war. He feels the sting years later (Martin 2). OBrien also revisits the site of the shitfield with his daughter. He starts to remember all the bad things that happened and it hurts him. OBrien hates the bad memories; he hates a lot of things. Some of the men start to show hatred toward people who usually arent hateful. The men start to turn on each other in stressful situations when they would have never done it before. Lee Strunk and Dave Jensen got into a fistfight. It was about something stupid, a missing jackknife, but even so the fight was vicious. Strunks nose made a sharp snapping sound, like a firecracker (OBrien 62). The men show hatred in the fight and over nothing important at all. In other circumstances it mightve ended there. But this was Vietnam, where guys carried guns, and Dave Jensen started to worry. It was mostly in his head (OBrien 62-63). Dave Jensen starts to get paranoid and he hates Strunk for it. One afternoon he began firing his weapon into the air, yelling Strunks name. late that same night he borrowed a pistol, gripped it by the barrel, and used it like a hammer to break his own nose (OBrien 63). This just shows how hate is a part of Vietnam. OBrien also shows hate toward some of his comrades. In a firefight OBrien gets shot and needs help from the new medic Bobby Jorgenson, but Jorgenson freezes because hes too afraid and forgets to treat OBrien for shock. This causes him much more pain over the months because the wound wasnt treated right and in time. OBrien hates Jorgenson for it. I wanted to hurt Bobby Jorgenson the way hed hurt me (OBrien 200). Months later OBrien and Jorgenson talk. OBrien realizes that Jorgenson is really sorry and he cant bring himself to say how he feels about it and just says its ok. I hated him for making me stop hating him (OBrien 200). This isnt like OBrien to be hateful. He has become something hes not. The war changes the men into bad things, things that arent themselves. OBrien talk about how the war changes himself and his personality at times. Id come to this war a quiet, thoughtful sort of person. Id turned mean inside. Even a little cruel at times. Its a hard thing to admit, even to myself, but I was capable of evil (OBrien 200). OBrien also talks about how one comes over innocent and but one leaves with a different identity. You come over clean and you get dirty and then afterwards its never the same (OBrien 114). Other authors talk about how OBrien shows the physical and mental devastation caused by the war. Nowhere in The Things They Carried does OBrien explain more clearly the psychic devastation wrought by wartime trauma (Neilson 193). One sees the effect of the trauma even if the characters previous personalities arent known. The killing also has a big affect on OBrien. OBrien also talks about how the man he kills changes him because it is such a big deal to take a life. The author describes the soldier he kills. He describes everything from his wounds to his figure. He was a slim, dead, almost dainty young man of about twenty. He lay at the center of the red clay trail near the village of My Khe. His jaw was in his throat. His eye was shut, the other eye was a star shaped hole. I killed him. (OBrien 203). Once OBrien killed this man he was broken in to Vietnam. He no longer was clean, he was now dirty. His first kill hastens his loss of innocence (Herzog 133). The soldiers in the war arent the only ones who were changed by Vietnam. One soldier brings his girlfriend from the states to visit him in Vietnam. He has her flown in through cargo planes and brought to his camp. At first she is glad to see her boyfriend and one can tell they are in love because they spend every minute together. She begins to get curious though and wonders off camp many times to explore. Then one night she goes missing and she is gone for a couple of days. She returns with the Greenies or Green Berets. She tells him not to ask and not to worry about it and acts like she has done nothing wrong. This happens many other times and the soldier can tell that he is beginning to lose her. When she begins disappearing with the greenies and taking part in the night ambushes, she melts into a small, soft shadow' (Chen 90). She becomes something she originally wasnt. Mary Anne starts to become one with Vietnam and she totally forgets about her boyfriend. In the end she is lost forever to Vietnam. It becomes impossible to distinguish between Mary Anne and Vietnam (Chen 91). Her boyfriend loses her and she is lost to Vietnam. Just one of many casualties of the war. But in his final story OBrien moves from his concern with moral corruption and war to one even more universally human: death (OGorman 306). OBrien also loses many things in the war. The worst part of the Vietnam War that OBrien shows is his loss of companions and friends. The author talks many times about his comrades throughout the book. He loses many people close to him personally and physically. There are five deaths in the novel. Ted Lavender, Curt Lemon, Kiowa, Linda, and the slim Vietcong soldier (Martin 1). The worst is the loss of his good friend. OBrien loses his good and best friend there, Kiowa, in the shitfield. This death is the most devastating to him because of how it happened in the muck and because he was a good friend. Kiowa was gone. He was under the mud and water, folded in with the war: Kiowas death actually makes him a part of the shitfield (Chen 93). It is also very devastating because all of the men feel guilt about it because they couldnt pull him out in time to possibly save him. Kiowas death is also pointless and has no purpose except to cause pain to his friends. In the story of Kiowas death, we find a combination of senselessness of war with the guilt that must be carried by other (Martin 2). This death affects everyone in the platoon but not all deaths are gruesome and ugly. An accident kills one of the young men, named Curt Lemon, and its described by OBrien as an almost beautiful death. They were just goofing. There was a noise, I supposed, which mustve been the detonator, so I glanced behind me and watched Lemon step from the shade into bright sunlight.when he died it was almost beautiful, the way the sunlight came around him and lifted him up and sucked him high into a tree full of moss and vines and white blossoms. (OBrien 70) The two soldiers are just playing a simple game and it all ends so suddenly. He is playing a game with another soldier, a game of toss with a smoke grenade, when he accidentally steps on a landmine (Martin 2). Lemon and OBrien werent as good as friends as him and Kiowa but it was a bothersome death because Lemon was so young. OBrien speaks of him stepping into the light, and then the blast sucks him up into the trees.what bothers OBrien is that Curt Lemon is just a kid (Martin 2). The death isnt all-beautiful. OBrien describes the mess that is made by the accident. The white bone of an arm.pieces of skin and something wet and yellow that mustve been the intestines (OBrien 89). Another casualty happens because of bad luck. Lee Strunk dies in battle during a firefight. OBrien describes the wound that Strunk gets. In October Lee Strunk stepped on a rigged mortar round. It took off his right leg at the knee.then he panicked. He tried to get up and run, but there was nothing left to run on (OBrien 65). Strunk didnt die right away but not all death occur right after the accident happens. Later we heard that Strunk died somewhere over Chu Lai (OBrien 66). The last death happens because of carelessness. Ted Lavender was always doped up and this in the end leads to his death. While going to the bathroom in the woods Lieutenant Cross is daydreaming and not keeping watch for enemy soldiers. While coming back from his bathroom break Lavender is shot in the head and killed on the spot. Cross never forgives himself for his death because he was daydreaming about girls and one of his men was killed. Several incidents in The Things They Carried reveal moments when the male soldiers cannot communicate with one another (Vernon 171). Death is only a small part of the whole picture. Tim OBrien shows many of the negative sides of the war to the reader in ways that the reader can see how bad war is. He uses the examples of his friends dying, the whole ordeal in the shitfield, how war changes the men including the mental effects, and by showing how hateful one can become because of the stressful situations and the things one sees. OBrien feels that he has to show all the negative sides of the war because he never wanted to go to war in the first place. Men go to war to fight battle that could be worked out peacefully and they fight and die for no reason. He feels that war is a bad thing and wants to show the reader that its a terrible thing and he does this very well. Even today war is a problem. Many young men are dying for no reason and it needs to stop. Works Cited Chen, Tina. Unraveling the Deeper Meaning: Exile and the Embodied poetics of Displacement in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried. Contemporary Literature 29.1 (spring 1998): 77-98. Herzog, Tobey C. Vietnam War Stories Innocence Lost. London: Routledge, 1992. Martin, Paul L. 24 March, 2008. http://plmartinwrite.blogspot.com/2007/11/things-they-carried.html Neilson, Jim. Warring Fictions. Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 1998 OBrien, Tim. The Things They Carried. New York: Broadway Books, 1990. OGorman, Farrel. The Things They Carried as a Composite Novel. War, Lit, and the Arts. Vernon, Alex. Salvation, Storytelling and Pilgrimage in Tim OBriens the Things They Carried. Mosaic (Winnipeg) 36.4 (2003): 171+. Questia. 19 Mar. 2008 http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=od=5002093009.

Legalizing Concealed Weapons May Deter Crime Essay -- Argumentative Pe

Legalizing Concealed Weapons May Deter Crime A concealed weapon is a firearm hidden on a person. Thomas Jefferson once wrote that "laws that forbid the carrying of arms... disarm only those who are neither inclined nor determined to commit crimes. Such laws make things worse for the assaulted and better for the assailants; they serve rather to encourage than to prevent homicides for an unarmed man may be attacked with greater confidence than an armed man"(Lee 147). "In Florida, 315,000 permits had been issued to citizens for concealed weapons by December 31, 1995. Only five have been revoked because the permit holder committed a violent crime with a gun" ( Kopel 129). Many crimes could have been avoided if you could carry a concealed weapon in every state. "If the states that do not have right - to - carry concealed guns had adopted the laws in 1992, approximately 1,570 murders; 4,177 rapes; and over 60,000 aggravated assaults would have been avoided yearly" (Kopel 129). Many people worry that innocent people or trained police officers would get hurt. The idea that poorly trained, armed people looking to become heroes would make it more dangerous for innocent people. Many law-enforcement organizations say different. They voluntarily issue concealed carry permits to citizens who pass a background checks. The concealed-carry movement is based on the principle that responsible citizens should not expect government to provide them with the essentials of life. Providing for the safety of one's self and one's family is first of all a personal duty. In the past five years in Miami, four concealed weapons permits have been revoked for criminal misuses of concealed weapons. Everyone may benefit from concealed-carry reform.... ... Brady, chairman of Handgun Control, said, "I don't believe gun owners have rights." Rosie O'Donnell said I honestly think-and I am not an expert on the amendments-I think the only people in this nation who should be allowed to own guns are police officers. I don't care if you want to hunt; I don't care if you think it's your right. I say 'sorry'. It is 1999 we have had enough as a nation. You are not allowed to own a gun and if you do own a gun, I think you should go to prison (Lee 149). I believe like Thomas Jefferson did that laws that forbid the carrying of arms, disarm only those who are neither inclined nor determined to commit crimes. In the future crime rates might drop, but that does not mean that all violent crime will stop. Carrying a concealed weapon does not guarantee that you will not be a victim, but I think it will help to protect yourself.

Causes of WWI Essay

Wars are large and complicated affairs. The first word war was the product of many, many things. Although the war officially began on July 28th, 1914, it had been building up for a while. The beginning of the war was much like a domino affect. It started when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. On July 29, Russia ordered a mobilization only against Austria-Hungary in support of Serbia. The Germans threatened war on July 31 if the Russians did not demobilize. France then mobilized. On August 1, Germany declared war on Russia, and two days later, on France. The German invasion of Belgium to attack France, which violated Belgium’s official neutrality, prompted Britain to declare war on Germany. World War I had begun. Nationalism, militarism, and imperialism all prompted the rivalry between nations which led to WWI. Nationalism, the love and support of one’s country, has always existed. At this time, however, it was so prominent, it helped cause the first world war. Since so much pride was devoted to countries, it made the possibilities of peace between past rivals less probable. People felt great loyalty and were willing to do anything for their country. In history, many wars have been over territorial disputes. A country feels nationalistic, and people’s pride leads to people wanting to expand with more land. A country can feel so strongly about this, that they will fight for it. The spark of the world was the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife. They were shot by a Serbian nationalist because of the crisis in the Balkans. The Balkan Peninsula was a mountainous area below Austira-Hungary and consisted of many different ethnic groups. Each group was very nationalistic and wanted to extend its borders, especially Serbia. Austria-Hungary took over two Balkan Slavic areas. Document 6 describes the tension in this region at the time. Serbia did not want Austria-Hungary to have Bosnia and Herzegovina. The archduke was shot because the Serbians feared that when he became in power he would continue to persecute the Serbs who lived in the Austro-Hungarian borders. The assassination, however, only created more problems. A harsh ultimatum was given to Serbia and when Serbia tried to negotiate that harsh terms, war was declared upon them. Serbia’s ally, Russia joined right in the war, and soon after many other European countries. Nationalism was also a contributing factor to the alliance  system. A country having more people on its side meant they felt more powerful, and more nationalistic. During World War I there were two alliance systems; the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. The Triple Alliance included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The Triple Entente included Great, Britain, France, and Russia. Later on in the war, the United States entered the war on the Triple Entente side, and Russia left. Members of the Triple Alliance were also known as the Central Powers. This is because the three countries were grouped together in the center of Europe. On each side of them, they has enemies, which is why this was a two-front war. This is shown on document 2’s map. Germany’s Schlieffen Plan was a plan to have a large part of the German army go west to fight France, and then go east to fight Russia. Nationalism is what made Great Britain join the war. Under the Schliefeen Plan, German troops invaded Belgium (a neutral country) because they refused to let the Germans pass through on their way to France. Great Britain was closely tied with Belgium so after the Germans attacked Belgium, Great Britain declared war on Germany. Although not the only cause of the large, complex war, Nationalism was the cause of many of the other causes. In many ways Nationalism can be a positive thing. It can improve economy by increasing competition and devotion and make a country more prosperous. Theses feelings created by nationalism can go to far. Nationalis m can also cause rivalry, feelings of superiority, and competition can lead to aggressiveness which leads to wars. Around 9 million people died in World War One. Tension between countries led to a arms race in Europe. Countries were over nationalistic and felt that having a large army made them more powerful. Glorifying military power and having an strong army is known as militarism. When a country has a strong army who is ready to fight, they are more likely to use war as a way of getting what they want. The main countries who participated in WWI all had significant increases in the amount of money they spent on weapons. Germany increased its per capitata expenditures on armaments from $1.28 in 1870, to $8.19 in 1914 (document 1). Propaganda, a way of persuading people to think one way, was used to keep up morale and support for the war. Posters like the one shown in document 5 was used to recruit soldiers for battle. People felt patriotic when they went to fight in the war. Countries competed to  have the largest militaries, and the best weapons. Militarism at this time led to the creation of many new weapons. Fritz Harber invented a method of using nitrogen from the air. It was used to create one of the worst weapons of the time, poison gas. The machine gun was also a new weapon of the time. It fired ammunition automatically and was extremely deadly because it was quick and easy. Other weapons of war included the tank, the airplane and the submarine. Submarines were used in unrestricted warfare and fired torpedoes. Militarism is why the war was so deadly. It caused rivalry between nations. Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany envied Britain for having such a strong navy so he increased the German navy and built many warships. Britain responded by increasing its navy and building more warships too. Things like this started the arms race and created even more competition between countries and alliances. Leaders looked at militarism and saw war as the only way to solve problems, which is not true at all. Another factor which contributed to the increase in rivalry in Europe was imperialism. Great Britain, Germany and France needed foreign markets after the increase in manufacturing caused by the Industrial Revolution. These countries competed for economic expansion in Africa. Africa between 1880 and 1914 was split up between Britain, France, Germany, Italy and several other nations (document 4). Long before the war there was competition between these countries for resources, land, and markets. Each country wanted to be the most powerful and felt that they could do this by obtaining as much land and wealth as possible. Many forms of imperialism were used to do this with. Germany and France disputed over who would control Morocco a couple times, so the mistrust between these countries was already at a high level. Before the war, grudges had already been formed. Document 8 describes the tension and the trouble spots prior the WWI. The reason why the became and world war so quickly was because of all the factors that were already in place. Mainly rivalry, which imperialism contributed to greatly. World War One was ended with the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty was intended to make peace between the countries. The treaty was unfair and created with revenge in mind. It made Germany pay $33 billion in reparations and forced them to accept war guilt. Adolph Hitler himself was a product of  the First World War. In many ways, the end of World War I was the cause of World War II.

Chapter 4 Public Finance Answers

Part 2 – Public Expenditure: Public Goods and Externalities Chapter 4 – Public Goods 1. a. Wilderness area is an impure public good – at some point, consumption becomes nonrival; it is, however, nonexcludable. b. Satellite television is nonrival in consumption, although it is excludable; therefore it is an impure public good. c. Medical school education is a private good. d. Television signals are nonrival in consumption and not excludable (when broadcast over the air). Therefore, they are a public good. e. An automatic teller machine is rival in consumption, at least at peak times.It is also excludable as only those patrons with ATM cards that are accepted by the machine can use the machine. Therefore the ATM is a private good. 2. a. False. Efficient provision of a public good occurs at the level where total willingness to pay for an additional unit equals the marginal cost of producing the additional unit. b. False. Due to the free rider problem, it is unlikely that a private business firm could profitably sell a product that is non-excludable. However, recent research reveals that the free rider problem is an empirical question and that we should not take the answer for granted.Public goods may be privately supported through volunteerism, such as when people who attend a fireworks display voluntarily contribute enough to pay for the show. c. Uncertain. This statement is true if the road is not congested, but when there is heavy traffic, adding another vehicle can interfere with the drivers already using the road. d. False. There will be more users in larger communities, but all users have access to the quantity that has been provided since the good is nonrival, so there is no reasons larger communities would necessarily have to provide a larger quantity of the nonrival good. 3.We assume that Cheetah’s utility does not enter the social welfare function; hence, her allocation of labor supply across activities does not matter. a. The public good is patrol; the private good is fruit. b. Recall that efficiency requires MRSTARZAN + MRSJANE = MRT. MRSTARZAN = MRSJANE = 2. But MRT = 3. Therefore, MRSTARZAN + MRSJANE > MRT. To achieve an efficient allocation, Cheetah should patrol more. Chapter 4 – Public Goods 4. The Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence is a public good because it is nonrival and presumably non-excludable. The government should pay for the research only if the SMB is greater than the SMC. . Aircrafts are both rival and excludable goods, so public sector production of aircrafts is not justified on the basis of public goods. If policymakers erroneously assume that the benefits of the mega-jetliner are public, then they would find the efficient level of production by vertically summing demand curves rather than horizontally summing demand curves. This causes the benefits to be significantly overstated and could be used to justify such high costs. 6. It is unlikely that if Pemex were privati zed that the situation would lead to a monopoly situation. Comparing oil production to telephone service is not a correct comparison.In the case of the telephone company, there was only one provider of telephone service. In the case of oil production, there would be only one producer in Mexico, but many competitors providing oil from which Mexico could buy. The newly privatized company would have to compete to sell its goods. It would likely become more efficient than the state run company because of this competition. 7. This debate is similar to the debate about private versus public education. Public sector production is often associated with higher costs (for both schools and prisons), but there may be other reasons society would prefer public to private provision.These reasons typically relate to equity considerations. For schools, the main argument is to make sure everyone child has the opportunity for a good education. For prisons, there may be a fundamental conflict between f air and humane treatment of prisoners and keeping costs low. For example, equity might require that prisoners be fed nutritious meals, but giving them bread and water for every meal might be less expensive. This question asks students to give personal opinions about privatizing prisons, so there is no single â€Å"right† answer. 8.The experimental results on free-riding suggest that members of the community might voluntarily contribute about half of the required amount. The reason these citizens wanted to use private fundraising was because the state government redistributed tax dollars from wealthy districts to poor districts (the so-called Robin Hood plan), so using private donations was a way to avoid losing tax dollars to other districts. 9. Books are not a public good. They are both rival (two people cannot read a book at the same time) and excludable (you can keep a person from reading a book).But if the goods libraries provide are a sense of community or a better educa ted populace, these would qualify as public goods. If the public good aspect of the library is to produce a better educated populace, then perhaps the classic books are a better choice. 10. Hiring private military firms to provide military support in Afghanistan, Iraq, or Darfur would be similar to the example of airport security in the text. One might argue that a private firm would not provide adequate training, use unethical or especially aggressive methods to shorten the conflict, thus lowering costs to increase profits.Proponents would argue that such things could be stipulated in a well-written contract. However, no Part 2 – Public Expenditure: Public Goods and Externalities contract can specify every possible contingency. In high conflict situations this may be especially true as the opposing side will not be predictable. 11. a. Zach’s marginal benefit schedule shows that the marginal benefit of a lighthouse starts at $90 and declines, and Jacob’s margina l benefit starts at $40 and declines. Neither person values the first lighthouse at its marginal cost of $100, so neither person would be willing to pay for a lighthouse acting alone. . Zach’s marginal benefit is MBZACH=90-Q, and Jacob’s is MBJACOB=40-Q. The marginal benefit for society as a whole is the sum of the two marginal benefits, or MB=130-2Q (for Q? 40), and is equal to Zach’s marginal benefit schedule afterwards (for Q>40). The marginal cost is constant at MC=100, so the intersection of aggregate marginal benefit and marginal cost occurs at a quantity less than 40. Setting MB=MC gives 130-2Q=100, or Q=15. Net benefit can be measured as the area between the demand curve and the marginal benefit of the 15th unit. The net benefit is $112. 5 for each person, for a total of $225. 2. Each day the private decision of each fisherman would equate private cost with private benefit. Therefore, 7 would show up because then each fisherman would catch four fish. If the fishermen catch less than four fish, then they will stay home. The net benefits to society are 0 fish (the benefit to the seven fishermen is 4 fish (7Ãâ€"4=28) and the cost to society is 4 fish per fisherman (7Ãâ€"4=28)). The efficient number of fishermen to show up at the lake is the number that will maximize social net benefits, which happens where the social marginal benefit equals the social marginal cost.This occurs at four fishermen, where the net social benefits equal 12 fish (4Ãâ€"7 – 4Ãâ€"4). Access to the lake is an impure public good. It is rival – if one fisherman has access to the fish, the others have less access. It is, however, non-excludable because it is difficult to keep people from fishing at a lake. 13. Britney’s marginal benefit is MBBRITNEY=12-Z, and Paris’s is MBPARIS=8-2Z. The marginal benefit for society as a whole is the sum of the two marginal benefits, or MB=20-3Z (for Z? 4), and i s equal to Britney’s marginal benefit schedule afterwards (for Z>4).The marginal cost is constant at MC=16. Setting MB=MC along the first segment gives 20-3Z=16, or Z=4/3, which is the efficient level of snowplowing. Note that if either Britney or Paris had to pay for the entire cost herself, no snowplowing would occur since the marginal cost of $16 exceeds either of their individual marginal benefits from the first unit ($12 or $8). Thus, this is clearly a situation when the private market does not work very well. Also note, however, that if the marginal cost were somewhat lower, (e. g. , MC? ), then it is possible that Paris could credibly free ride, and Britney would provide the efficient allocation. This occurs because if Britney believes that Paris will free ride, Britney provides her optimal allocation, which occurs on the second segment of society’s MB curve, which is identical to Britney’s MB curve (note that Paris gets zero marginal benefit for Z>4). Since Paris is completely satiated with this good at Z=4, her threat to free ride is credit if Britney provides Z>4. See the graph below. Chapter 4 – Public Goods MBParis MBBritney

Morality Can Exist Without Religion Essays

Morality Can Exist Without Religion Essays Morality Can Exist Without Religion Essay Morality Can Exist Without Religion Essay Have you ever imagined if morals can exist without religion? One day when got lost in a multitude of useless trivia in the Internet I accidentally came across a thought-provoking sentence by a British writer Arthur C. Clarke who said that one of the great tragedies of mankind is that morality has been hijacked by religion. After that, I started to think about this controversial matter. As a young Polish student, raised in the Christian tradition, in a country where according to WIN-Gallup Internationally research, more than 80 % of Poles declare themselves as religious, should I disagree with this quotation? The main problem with morality is to define it specifically. Although, it is obviously difficult to investigate scientifically, The Oxford English Dictionary describes it as principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior Of course, religion imposes certain rules which helps believers to differentiate between good and evil. By obeying them, they build their moral system, but in that case, dont atheists have a moral compass? Many philosophers and scientists including Charles Darwin assumed that morality is a matter of evolution, especially in the case of social species such s humans. There is also an endless number of books which show how peoples emotions like empathy, kindness, altar ism or friendship have been evolved since the times of the first man. Even in the previous era, cooperation and sharing ensured better chance to survive. In that way, it may be considered that moral system was created instinctual and as a result it gave birth to numerous religions. The roots of moral conscience we can also detect in peoples upbringing or society they live in. Religion is hardly ever peoples free choice, in most cases its foisted by our ethnicity. There is no doubt, it goes hand in hand with our ideals and perception of the world, however I wouldnt count it as the main factor which determine morality. The thing am trying to prove is that you can be raised in a family or society of non-believers and still become a good person. Lets consider how many people would agree with the statement treat other people the way you would wish to be treated. I bet a significant majority of them would. Why? It just comes from basic empathy that most people usually have and also as parents instill in their children regardless of heir religious views. At the end I should admit that although many scientists and philosophers claim that morality can exist without God, they certainly dont mean to attack any religious believes. The main purpose for writing this essay was my strong will to debunk the stereotype that everything is either black or white. Morality, as a changing construct, which has developed over the years, is very subjective and often depends on peoples personal preferences. Therefore, we can always encounter an atheist doing good things as well as a Christian or Jew who behave wrong. The most important is just to live according to certain rules which dont harm other people then we can consider ourselves as a moral person. Nowadays religion plays an underlying role in many peoples lives. Moreover, its often treated as an oracle for morality. But one day I came across a thought-provoking sentence by a British writer Arthur C. Clarke who said that One of the great tragedies of mankind is that morality has been hijacked by religion. So now people assume that religion and morality have a necessary connection. This quotation forced me to start thinking about this controversial matter.

30 More Nautical Expressions

30 More Nautical Expressions 30 More Nautical Expressions 30 More Nautical Expressions By Mark Nichol After launching a list of seafaring idioms on a previous online cruise, I discovered a cargo hold of additional expressions that originated on the high seas but have come to rest high and dry on land. Here’s the haul. 1. All at sea: lost because of lack of knowledge of one’s position (confused and disorganized) 2. At loose ends: a reference to idle sailors being assigned to check that rigging is secure (idle) 3. Bail out: remove water from (assist or rescue) 4. Broad in the beam: said of a wide vessel (said of a large-hipped woman) 5. By and large: said in reference to steering slightly off the wind to ease effort and decrease the risk of slowing (in general, without special consideration) 6. Cut and run: sever the anchor line in an emergency (leave abruptly and abandoning others) 7. Fall foul of: collide with or become entangled in (come into conflict with) 8. First-rate: the largest class of warships during the sailing era (best) 9. Flog a dead horse: a reference to a period of work after getting and spending an initial payment (focusing on something already completed or settled) 10. Flotsam and jetsam: items lost or thrown overboard, respectively (odds and ends) 11. Give a wide berth: provide sufficient space when anchoring or docking to avoid other ships (keep at a distance) 12. Go by the board: a reference to something lost overboard (said of something to be abandoned or ignored) 13. Hail from: referring to the point of origin of a ship (come from, live) 14. Half seas over: partly submerged or keeled over so that waves are breaking over the deck, and therefore unable to maneuver effectively (drunk) 15. Hand over fist: using one hand at a time in quick alternating movements (rapidly) 16. Hard and fast: grounded (inflexible) 17. Hard up: a reference to the tiller being pushed as far to one side as possible (short of money) 18. High and dry: beached or caught on rocks and standing out of the water as the tide recedes (stranded or without resources or support) 19. In the offing: in sight, from the term for the expanse of ocean visible from shore (about to happen) 20. Know the ropes/learn the ropes: a reference to understanding knots, ropes, and rigging (familiarity with or training in how to perform a task) 21. Loose cannon: a piece of artillery that is not secure and therefore can cause damage or injury when it rolls on its wheels from the ship’s movement or from its recoil after being fired (out of control or unpredictable) 22. Ship shape: ready for sailing, with equipment and materials secured (clean, neat, in good condition) 23. Skylarking: sliding down rigging for fun (engaging in playful antics) 24. Take another tack: change the ship’s direction in relation to the wind (try another approach) 25. Take the wind out of one’s sails: a reference to the loss of movement when another vessel comes between the wind and one’s ship (to undermine another, usually by anticipating an action) 26. Taken aback: halted by a sudden shift of wind (surprised by a revelation) 27. Three sheets to the wind: a reference to the sheets (ropes) of a sail becoming loosened, rendering the sail useless (drunk) 28. Trim one’s sails (before the wind): adjust sails as appropriate (act according to circumstances) 29. When one’s ship comes home: a reference to the arrival of a fully laden cargo ship that will bring profit to the owner or investors (achievement of fortune or good luck) 30. Whistle for it/whistle for the wind: from the tradition of superstitiously whistling to summon the wind (hope for the impossible) At least two nautical expressions, â€Å"between the devil and the deep (blue) sea† (meaning, essentially, â€Å"between a rock and a hard place†) and â€Å"to the bitter end† (meaning â€Å"to the last extremity, regardless of difficulty†), have been attributed to seafaring origins, but the idioms, or similar expressions, may have come from earlier landlubber usage. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive InterjectionsRunning Amok or Running Amuck?Charles's Pen and Jesus' Name

Pfizers Unsuccessful Takeover of Astrazeneca Essay - 5

Pfizers Unsuccessful Takeover of Astrazeneca - Essay Example On 25th November 2013, Pfizer, a US company expressed its interest to enter into a merger with AstraZeneca. This is a crucial stage of initiating a merger, where the interested party expresses for the first time the consideration for a merger. The second stage of the merger is the high-level discussion in which the two parties sit down and discuss in detail the path they are going to follow in the merger. At this point, the interested company proposes its offer to which the other party may accept or reject. On 5th January 2015, the two companies held high-level talks in which Pfizer offered $58 per share (Farrell, 2014). After considering the offer, the AstraZeneca rejected the offer and the no more discussion was held after January. The step of Pfizer to go public on its interest to merge with AstraZeneca in April 2014 is an important stage of the merger. The main purpose of this stage is to draw the public assessment into the merger and consider the logistics behind its association . At this point, other multinational companies have the opportunity to consider the offer evaluate and criticize it. The national government also is called at this point to intervene in merger and to consider whether the offer is to the public’s interest. From this point, the leader of the company engages the parliament before the science and technology committee to further negotiate on the offer. Later on, the company offers a higher bid and promises to give $69 per year and to absorb about 20% of the researchers for at least five years (Farrell, 2014). At this stage, AstraZeneca has an opportunity to reconsider how this offer would affect their business. The CEO of the company needs to obtain information on how the merger would benefit its company and how his management would achieve their goals. The fact that the company rejects the offer at this stage shows that the company is bound to  lose from the bond.

Marketing on Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing on Women - Essay Example Today, women are well educated, travel, and live alone in new cities, and they form a mobile workforce. Women are active in almost all sectors, such as engineering, manufacturing, construction, hospitality, healthcare, entertainment and TV, and many other sectors. Thus, the earning power of women has increased, and they do not have to depend on their husbands, fathers, brothers, or partners to buy products2. Statistics: In USA, high net worth women make up 39 percent of the top earners while 2.5 million women have assets of $ 4.2 trillion. About 43 percent of women in USA have assets of more than $ 500,000. Estimates until 2020 indicate that women will control and manage about two thirds of the national wealth and control about $ 40 trillion. Generally, women make 95 percent of the decisions to buy a large number of products, while in groceries; they make 99 percent of the decisions. Estimates indicate that women are the decision makers for 85 percent of all consumer goods, 91% of new homes, 92 percent for vacations, 65 percent for new cars and 93 percent for pharmaceuticals, beauty products and personal hygiene items. Women also participate in online buying and 22 percent shop online almost daily, and they post reviews about their purchase, post messages in social media and write to marketing firms about their pleasure or displeasure3. Loyalty: Studies indicate that womens loyalty is less for some types of products such as consumer goods, groceries and toiletries. They look at a number of factors such as product quality and price and they would be willing to try new products that are recommended by friends or that cost less, but the products must meet the expected quality requirement. Celebrity endorsements have limited appeal, unless women like the products. Women also tend to be more loyal to the service provider such as the waiter,

Explains the political changes the United States underwent in the Essay

Explains the political changes the United States underwent in the 2008-2011 period in regards to political philosophy - Essay Example This revealed that racism did not guide the elections, as people wanted change in governance. Citizens of the United States expressed dissatisfaction with the republican governance, following George W. Bush’s two terms in office. There have also been changes in the voting structure, with many young people and minority groups participating in the polls. As a result, the political philosophy in the United States from 2008 seems more different than any other period in the history of the United States. Preference for young contestants increased; as such older candidates faced enormous challenges and opposition from younger ones. John McCain could not have defeated the democrat candidate because most Americans did not prefer people of his age (Lasser, 2011). In addition, dissatisfaction with the administration of George Bush made the electorate opt for a difference. An increased number of casualties in Afghanistan and Iraq war changed the mood of American electorate, following deaths of many American soldiers while fighting terrorists. During the Bush administration, economy of the United States had started to experience reduced growth. The banking industry and the stock market performed poorly in the start of 2008. Therefore, the political preference shifted to a Democratic candidate rather than a Republican (Katzman, 2011). During his presidential term, Barrack Obama has publicly declared his stand on various issues regarding American politics. Several legislative measures have been undertaken between 2008 and 2011. Politics have mainly been centered on revival of the United States economy; and provision of heath care that all Americans can access and manage to pay for. Obama administration has also strengthened social security and system of education in America. Political ideals have also been centered on withdrawing American troops in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as stopping

Synthesis of CNTs From Hydrocarbons Resources by CCVD

Synthesis of CNTs From Hydrocarbons Resources by CCVD 1. Introduction Carbon nanotube is one of the most promising candidates of nanomaterials which own wonderful mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. With one hundred times the steel’s tensile strength, thermal conductivity better than all materials except the purest diamond, and electrical conductivity contact to the copper with ballistic transport of electrons present the ability to carry much higher currents without heat generation. Carbon nanotube can be categorize to single-walled carbon nanotube and multi- walled carbon nanotubes, when SWCNT has one rolled layer of graphene sheet to form cylindrical shape, MWCNT consist of multiple cylindrical rolled graphene sheets (Fig. 1). General carbon nanotube synthesis methods are Arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). However, CVD is the most convenient method to grow all kinds of CNTs and the best choice to produce large amount of CNTs at relatively low cost and with mild growth conditions. The use of hydroca rbon resources for the production of high-value chemical and materials such as carbon nanotubes obtain obvious impact of sustainable development. In this direction, several research groups have explored the use of hydrocarbons as a carbon sources for CNTs synthesis. 2. Synthesis of CNTs by Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition Recently, Catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) is the most familiar technique to grow all kind of CNTs. Several motives can explain this favoring. Firstly, consider the technical operation it is easy to perform the reaction between a catalyst and a carbon precursor; it only requires an oven designed with a tubular reactor such as quartz tube, and a few of gas flow controllers in order to feed the require gases. Secondly, a numerous of parameters can be contrasted and investigated from the scientists, not only during the catalyst treatment but also the CNTs growth, which influence the quality, purity, and yield of the CNTs. The mainly vital parameters for CNTs synthesis by CCVD technique is the temperature. In CCVD, energy is donated to hydrocarbons to break them into reactive radical objects in the temperature range approximately from 500-900Â °C, sometimes more. These reactive species diffuse down to a catalyst surface where they remain bonded. As a result, CNTs are formed. T he commonly used energy source is resistive heating. Generally, there are two processing system patterns for CCVD to synthesis CNTs are horizontal and vertical system. In this literature we will demonstrate a usual horizontal system due to it is far reaching for most scientists. I horizontal system there are two techniques for utilization floating and fixed-bed catalyst technique, displays in Fig. 2. Floating catalyst mainly apply when a mixture of reactants and catalyst are present in the gas phase in the reactor at a promoted temperature during CCVD process. The catalyst in the gas phase experience transformation cause by the redox gases and or the elevated temperature and form solid phase nano particles where the CCVD reaction occurs. This method enclose on obstacle in preventing the nano particles and reactants from coalescence which is when the solid catalyst nanoparticles hold on the reactor surfaces, they could have adequate residence time for CNTs growing. In other words, any unreacted gas precursor and solid catalyst nanoparti cles which they have not capable to react and holds on the reactor surfaces at adequately elevated temperatures are swept away from reactor with the carrier gases and unused reactants. Therefore, the result practically will reduce the productivity and process efficiency. In the fixed bed process, the catalyst which is in the solid phase is set in boats and places inside the reactor then the reactant with carrier which they are in the gas phase are introduced at an elevated temperature where the reaction takes place in CCVD. The efficiency and productivity of CNTs growth in this system are limited by heterogeneous contact between the gas and solid reactant and ascent of the reactor gradients temperature. Because of increase growing nanotubes it cover the catalyst nanoparticles surfaces, the diffusion of carbon precursor to the catalyst nanoparticles will decrease. Therefore, the effectiveness of the catalyst nanoparticles surfaces will reduce. 2.1. Catalyst Catalysts play an essential role for synthesis of CNTs in the CCVD and hence enhance the suitable characteristics of desired catalyst will be improved the attained CNTs quality and process yield as well. Transition metals in the figure of nanoparticles such as Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni) and their alloys have been specified as the most effective catalysts for CNTs synthesis. These catalysts can Growth CNTs in three steps according to Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) mechanism: Firstly, a gas precursor produces carbons which adsorb and dissociate on the surface of the catalyst particles to form elementary carbon atoms. Secondly, the carbon atoms dissolve in the bulk of the nanoparticles to form liquid metastable carbide and diffuse within the particles. Finally, solid carbons precipitate at the rear side of the nanoparticles to form carbon nanotubes. Solid organometallocenes such as nickelocene, cobaltocene, and ferrocene are extensively used as a catalyst for utilizing CNTs, because they deliver solid metal nanoparticles which effectively catalyze the hydrocarbons decomposition. Experimentally, the catalyst particle size is in charge of CNTs diameter. Figure 3 (c) summarize that catalyst particle diameter plays a significant role for determining the structure the utilized nano carbon. Catalyst nano particles with 1 nm diameter mainly utilized SWCNTs [ ], while MWCNTs are utilized from catalyst nanoparticles with diameter 0f 10 – 50 nm as well as the number of MWCNTs layers increased with the particles diameter. In other hand, another nano carbon structure named nano-onion utilized when catalyst nanoparticles with diameter exceed 50 nm. Attaining hydrocarbons decomposition on the catalyst surface unaccompanied and preventing the aerial decomposition is the Key of obtain pure CNTs. Furthermore, alloys have been proven to gain higher catalytic activity comparing with pure metals. Despite considering the Fe, Co, and Ni metals nanoparticles the effective catalyst for CNTs synthesis, other metals such as Cu, Au, Ag, Pd, and pt as well were discovered to be catalysts for CNTs growth from a variety of hydrocarbons. Therefore, this is unlocked field of research to utilize different CNTs technique with variety hydrocarbons by adjusting temperature and pressure. 2.2. Hydrocarbons decomposition and Thermodynamics In order to understand the reaction in the CCVD, the main aspect which should be taken in our consideration is thermodynamics. The reaction fulfill to the creation of solid carbon nanotubes have be thermodynamically usefulness under the selected temperature and pressure conditions. Gibbs free energy (ΔG) is the key for extraction this information. In the term of the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons ΔG depends on the reactivity of the hydrocarbon for example; whereas methane’s decomposition is thermodynamically preferable above 600 Â °C because it is the most stable hydrocarbon molecule, ΔG for ethylene, acetylene or benzene is already negative at 200 Â °C figure 3a). The expert found that CNTs are frequently synthesized by CCVD using methane precursor at temperature of above 850 Â °C due to the slow reaction rate, while CVD synthesis of CNTs using acetylene is often carried out at temperature of 500-750 Â °C and for ethylene is 650-850 Â °C. [ , , , ] High quality of SWCNTs is usually utilized by CO decomposition over metal nanoparticles, but this reaction is thermodynamically limited above 600 Â °C. Therefore, the reaction required high pressure about (10-30 bar) to substitute the equilibrium for growing feasible yields of SWCNTs. [ , , ] Magrez et al. established possibility of growing high quality of MWCNTs when added stoichiometric amounts of CO2 and C2H2 by CCVD at 400 Â °C[ ]. The solid carbon formation happens by oxidative dehydrogenation of acetylene as a substitute of dehydrogenation or pyrolysis. Thermodynamically, the reaction of CO2 addition is favorable. While numerous reaction paths are feasible, the solid carbon formation accompanying with CO and H2 is favored. It is quite clear now also possible to accomplish the attained knowledge to discover reaction conditions which gives the greatest solid carbon formation to obtain highest CNTs yield. Figure 3. Thermodynamic data calculated with the ChemKin database. a) Gibbs free energies of formation for various carbon precursors. The energies are normalized to the number of carbon atoms in the precursor and correspond to its pyrolysis. b) Gibbs free energies of typical reactions: CO disproportionation, water gas shift, oxidative dehydrogenation of acetylene, and pyrolysis of ethanol. The energies are normalized to the number of solid carbon atoms. 2.3. Carbon Precursor for Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition The carbon precursor plays an important role in the growth, characteristics and properties of CNTs, because of their own binding energy, type and role of reactive groups and thermodynamic properties. Concerning gaseous carbon precursors, the CNTs growth efficiency depends strongly on the concentration and reactivity of gas phase intermediates produced simultaneously with reactive radical species as a result of hydrocarbon pyrolysis. Therefore, it is expected that the most capable intermediates, which have the ability of physisorption or chemisorption on the catalyst surface to initiate CNTs growth, suppose to be produced in the gas phase. A comparison of produced CNT characterizations showed that there is a relationship between chemical structures of hydrocarbons and the CNTs formation [5,7,17,49,62,64,74–77]. Hernadi et al. [49] affirmed that unsaturated hydrocarbons have much higher yield and deposition rate than saturated gases. Besides, saturated hydrocarbon gases manage t o produce highly graphitized filaments with fewer walls compared to unsaturated gases. Consequently, they suggested that saturated hydrocarbons are favored for SWCNTs growth and unsaturated hydrocarbons for MWCNTs. However, SWCNTs have been obtained from a highly diluted unsaturated hydrocarbon [10,19,23,38,40,47,75,76,78,79]. The growth of clean SWCNTs was observed at relatively low temperatures using alcohols with various catalysts [19,25,30,64,81–85]. The authors concluded that alcohols are much better carbon sources for SWNTs than hydrocarbons and this is likely due to the ability attributed to OH radicals to etch away amorphous carbon deposits. General experiences show that low temperature CVD about 600–900Â °C grow MWCNTs, while high temperature at 900–1200Â °C reaction favors utilizing SWCNTs. The results indicate that SWCNTs have a higher energy of formation due to small diameter and high curvature which tolerate the high strain energy. Therefore, SWCNTs grow from only selected hydrocarbons such as carbon monoxide, and methane which have an equitable stability at higher temperature, whereas common effective precursor for MWCNTs such as acetylene, benzene, and xylene are unstable at higher temperature which lead to deposit a large quantity of amorphous carbon. Hata et al. synthesized a highly efficient of impurity-free SWCNTs by water assisted ethylene on substrate in CVD method (Hata et al., 2004). It was reported that controllable rate of steam into the CVD reactor operated as mild oxidizer leads to selective remove of amorphous carbon without harmful the CNTs growth. Controlling relative rate of ethylene and water steam was essential to minimize catalyst’s poison. These studies ascertain prove that carbon precursors play an important part in CNTs growth. Thus, by accurate selection of carbon precursor and water vapor rate, not only the catalyst’s lifetime but also CNTs growth could be crucially maximized and therefore both quality and yield of CNTs could be improved. Hydrocarbons such as carbon monoxide, methane, ethylene, acetylene, benzene, and xylene are typically the most commonly used CNT precursors. Among the essentially experiences of synthesis CNTs by CVD technique are that MWCNTs ware grown from the decomposition of benzene at 1100Â °C [] and acetylene at 700Â °C []. Both of these reports were used iron nanoparticles as the catalyst. As well as, MWCNTs were also grown from many other hydrocarbon precursors including cyclohexane [] and fullerene []. As well as, MWNTs were utilized from supercritical toluene at 600 Â °C and using ferrocene as growth catalysts, the toluene serves not only as the carbon source for nanotube formation but also as the solvent. On the other hand, synthesis of high purity SWCNTs at low temperature was reported when Fe-Co supported on zeolite utilized as a catalyst in alcoholic CVD and since then, ethanol consider as the most common universal CNTs precursor in the CVD method. Particular aspect of ethanol for growing CNTs with nearly free from amorphous carbon due to the effect of OH radical which operate as the mild oxidizer. Afterward, vertically aligned SWCNTs were grown as well on Mo-Co supported on coated silicon substrate. Lately, the articles have been shown discontinuous supply rates of acetylene to ethanol CVD apparently assists ethanol to increase the catalytic activity and therefore enhances the CNTs growth rate. Apart from the well-defined chemical reagents described above, CNTs have also been successfully and systematically synthesized from domestic fuels such as kerosene (Pradhan et al., 2002), liquefied petroleum gas (Qian et al., 2002) and coal gas (Qiu et al., 2006).